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Protection Relay Testing and Commissioning Author: Velimir Lackovic The testing and verification of protection devices and their various arrangements introduces a number of issues for the design engineer. An important limitation is these devices cannot be tested under normal operating conditions because they are designed to operate under fault...Learn More

Power Transformer Protection Author: Velimir Lackovic The advancement of electrical power systems has led to a wide range of power transformers. The rating of these devices ranges from a few kVA to several hundred MVA. The protection provided by a power transformer varies with the application. In the case...Learn More

Industrial System Protection Author: Velimir Lackovic The development of industrial and commercial electrical power systems has created the need to improve their reliability. The costs associated with outage time costs have also increased dramatically. The use of automation systems in industry and commerce requires advanced power system automation to...Learn More

HVDC Technology – Part 2 Author: Velimir Lackovic This course is the second part of a two part course on HVDC Technology. The main objective of this course is to thoroughly present the effects of harmonics in AC power systems, harmonic filter design, DC harmonic concepts and calculations, HVDC...Learn More

HVDC Technology – Part 1 Author: Velimir Lackovic This course is the first part of a two part course on HVDC Technology. This course thoroughly presents HVDC concepts, available arrangements, operation and control issues. The first part of this course presents basic configurations, substation arrangements, converter operation and control....Learn More

High Voltage Busbar Protection Author: Velimir Lackovic A well-designed electrical protection system should cover all components against possible faults. Line protection concepts, such as overcurrent and distance arrangements, satisfy this requirement, even though short circuits in the busbar zone are cleared following a time delay. However, if unit protection...Learn More