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Chemical Process Hazard Analysis Promulgation of the PSM Rule has heightened the awareness of chemical safety management issues. The PSM Rule contains an integrated set of chemical process safety management elements designed to prevent chemical releases that can lead to catastrophic fires, explosions, or toxic exposures. This course explains the minimum requirements for PrHAs outlined... Learn More

Water Treatment – Phosphorous Removal Phosphorus and nitrogen are nutrients that are essential for aquatic plant and algae growth. However, an over-abundance of these nutrients can over-stimulate plant and algae growth such that they create water quality problems. The discharges of treated wastewater can be the most significant source of phosphorus loading and state environmental... Learn More

Water Treatment – Disinfection The overriding objective of water treatment is the removal or inactivation of pathogenic micro-organisms to prevent the spread of waterborne disease. It is important that water treatment works be equipped with adequate disinfection systems, when pristine water supplies collected from catchments totally under the control of the water supply authority are... Learn More

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems For the first half of the 20th century, pollution in the Nation’s urban waterways resulted in frequent occurrences of low dissolved oxygen, fish kills, algal blooms and bacterial contamination. Early efforts in water pollution control prevented human waste from reaching water supplies or reduced floating debris that obstructed shipping. Water pollution... Learn More

Treatment Technologies for Frac and Produced Water Author: Michael Kuznetz During the process of lifting oil or gas from underground formations, trapped water is brought to the surface along with oil or gas. This water, known as frac and produced water, is high in salinity and difficult to treat and manage once recovered. The standards... Learn More