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Grounding System Theory and Practice Author: Velimir Lackovic The flow of current from an underground-fault condition will result in voltage gradients within and around the substation, not only between structures and nearby earth, but also along the ground surface. In a properly designed system, this gradient should not exceed the limits that can be tolerated... Learn More

Gas Insulated Substation Definitions And Basics Author: Velimir Lackovic Determining whether to use AIS or GIS technology requires assessing many elements and soliciting input data from many sections within an investor’s organization. Some elements, such as aesthetics, may significantly affect a user’s selection. It is also critical to note that the optimal substation arrangement may... Learn More

Distance Protection of Electrical Power Systems Author: Velimir Lackovic Distance protection, is a non-unit protection arrangement providing significant financial and technical benefits. Unlike phase and neutral overcurrent protection arrangements, the key benefit of distance protection is that its short circuit current coverage of the protected element is almost autonomous of source impedance changes. Since the... Learn More

Power System Transient Stability Study Fundamentals Author: Velimir Lackovic The ability of a power system, containing two or more synchronous machines, to continue to operate after a change occurs on the system is a measure of its stability. The stability problem takes two forms: steady-state and transient. Steady-state stability may be defined as the ability... Learn More

Power System Short Circuit Current Studies Author: Velimir Lackovic Short-circuit studies are done to determine the magnitude of the prospective currents flowing throughout the power system at various time intervals after a fault occurs. The magnitude of the currents flowing through the power system after a fault varies with time until they reach a steady-state... Learn More